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Though paper has been known in China since the first century, the secret of papermaking came to Europe much later. Books were popular in ancient Rome: there were many booksellers and the first public library was founded there about 39 B.C.1 Only the rich could buy books or make their slaves copy books from important libraries. By the time, of the Middle Ages all books were handwritten, beautifully decorated, but they were often chained to the shelves. First printing was invented in China and by the end of the 15th century there were more than 200 presses in Europe . The early printers were not only craftsmen but also editors, publishers and booksellers. The first printing, press in England was set up by William Caxton at Westminster in 1476. and the first printing press in Russia � by Ivan Fedorov in Moscow in 1564. Early libraries were used only by scientists but latery they were used by the public. In the 19th century a proper system of public libraries appeared.